Abstract Objective: Introduce the low-cost and easy to purchase simulator without biological material so that any institution may promote extensive cardiovascular surgery training both in a hospital setting and at home without large budgets. Methods: A transparent plastic box is placed in a wooden frame, which is held by the edges using elastic bands, with the bottom turned upwards, where an oval opening is made, "simulating" a thoracotomy. For basic exercises in the aorta, the model presented by our service in the 2015 Brazilian Congress of Cardiovascular Surgery: a silicone ice tray, where one can train to make aortic purse-string suture, aortotomy, aortorrhaphy and proximal and distal anastomoses. Simulators for the training of valve replacement and valvoplasty, atrial septal defect repair and aortic diseases were added. These simulators are based on sewage pipes obtained in construction material stores and the silicone trays and ethyl vinyl acetate tissue were obtained in utility stores, all of them at a very low cost. Results: The models were manufactured using inert materials easily found in regular stores and do not present contamination risk. They may be used in any environment and maybe stored without any difficulties. This training enabled young surgeons to familiarize and train different surgical techniques, including procedures for aortic diseases. In a subjective assessment, these surgeons reported that the training period led to improved surgical techniques in the surgical field. Conclusion: The model described in this protocol is effective and low-cost when compared to existing simulators, enabling a large array of cardiovascular surgery training.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: We determined the degree of risk produced by the association of other surgical procedures with surgical myocardial revascularization in octogenarian patients and identified the risk factors that best explain hospital mortality. METHODS: This study was an observational analytical historical cohort study involving octogenarians operated on at our institution between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2005. We stratified the objective population as follows: Group 1 comprised octogenarians revascularized without associated procedures, and Group 2 comprised octogenarians revascularized with associated procedures. Statistical analyses included the t test for independent samples and multiple logistic regression analysis. Significance was accepted with an alpha error of 5%. RESULTS: Univariate analyses revealed the following clinical and statistically significant variables: hospital mortality (P=0.002), diabetes mellitus (P=0.017), preoperative endocarditis (P=0.001), cardiogenic shock (P=0.019), use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (P=0.026), preoperative risk score (Parsonnet), P<0.001, procedure associated with revascularization (P<0.001), medium number of affected coronary arteries (P<0.001), use of extracorporeal circulation (P<0.001), time of extracorporeal circulation (P<0.001), number of distal anastomoses (P=0.002), graft type (P<0.001), postoperative breathing support (P<0.001), stroke (P<0.001), infection (P=0.002), creatinine level (P=0.018), and quality of life score (P=0.050). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: In octogenarian patients, the need for a procedure associated with surgical myocardial revascularization produces an absolute increase in hospital mortality risk of 45%. The variables that contributed to hospital mortality were preoperative endocarditis, preoperative cardiogenic shock, the use of extracorporeal circulation, the length of time of extracorporeal circulation, postoperative creatinine level, and postoperative need for prolonged respiratory support.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se há vantagem em revascularizar o paciente idoso sem Circulação Extracorpórea (CEC) em relação à utilização da mesma, considerando-se a viabilidade de Revascularização do Miocárdio (RM) completa e a morbi-mortalidade hospitalar. MÉTODO: Estudados prospectivamente 100 pacientes consecutivos, não randomizados, com idade > ou = 70 anos, submetidos à revascularização primária e isolada do miocárdio entre janeiro e dezembro de 2000. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, G1 - 50 pacientes operados com CEC e G2 - 50 pacientes operados sem CEC. Utilizou-se teste de análise univariada ÷2, por meio do programa SPSS 10.0, com nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Não houve ocorrência de insuficiência renal ou Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio (IAM) em ambos os grupos; a incidência de insuficiência respiratória foi idêntica nos dois grupos (4%); dois pacientes do G1 tiveram AVC, e 12 apresentaram baixo débito cardíaco, ocorrências não registradas no G2. A necessidade de suporte ventilatório > 24 h não foi significativa entre os grupos. O tempo médio de internação foi 21,8 e 11,7 dias, respectivamente (NS) e a sobrevida após 30 dias foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Oitenta por cento dos pacientes do G1 tiveram mais de duas artérias abordadas, contra apenas 48 % do G2 (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Levando-se em conta apenas o maior número de enxertos nos pacientes do G1, podemos afirmar que a utilização da CEC pode proporcionar uma maior probabilidade de RM completa.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if there is advantage in myocardial revascularization the elderly without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in relation to the use of the same, being considered the viability of complete myocardial revascularization (MR) and the hospital morbidity and mortality. METHOD: We prospectively studied a hundred consecutive, no randomized patients, with age > or = 70 years, submitted to the primary and isolated myocardial revascularization between January and December of 2000. The patients were divided in two groups, G1 - 50 patients operated with CPB and G2 - 50 patients operated without CPB. Univariate testing of variables was performed with chi-squared analysis in the SPSS 10.0 Program and a p value less than 0.005 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was no renal failure or myocardial infarction (MI) in both groups; the incidence of respiratory failure was identical in the two groups (4%); two patient of G1 they had Strokes, and 12 presented low output syndrome, occurrences not registered in G2. The need of ventilatory support > 24 hs was not significant between groups. Medium time of hospital stay was 21.8 and 11.7 days respectively (NS) and the survival after 30 days were similar in the two groups. The patients' of G1 eighty percent had more than two approached arteries, against only 48% of G2 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Because the largest number of grafts in the patients of G1, we can affirm that the use of CPB can provide a larger probability of complete RM.

Introdução: O receio em nosso meio, em se retardar, erroneamente, a revascularização do miocárdio (RM) em pacientes idosos determinou a realização deste estudo. Casuística e Métodos: Um total de 361 pacientes foram, consecutivamente, submetidos a RM entre 1992 e 1995, dos quais 30,7% eram mulheres, 69,3% homens; 36,7% encontravam-se em classe funcional III/IV. Foi realizada análise univariada com 19 fatores pré-operatórios e, a seguir, multivariada (regressão logística) com as variáveis que mostraram associação significativa (p < 0,005). Resultados: Os fatores prognósticos da morbidade operatória foram: diabete melito, ICC, angina instável. Os pós-operatórios foram: acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência renal, infecção e suporte respiratório prolongado. Conclusão: A RM pode ser realizada em pacientes com idade avançada, acompanhada de excelentes resultados (baixa mortalidade operatória), especialmente pacientes em classe funcional de ICC não muito avançada, propiciando melhora significativa da qualidade de vida.

Introduction: The trend in Brazil of erroneously delaying myocardial revascularization in the elderly determined this study. Three hundred consecutive elderly patients (mean age: 73.92, standard deviation: 3.32). Material and Methods: Between October 1992 and July 1995, 361 consecutive patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, of whom 111 (30.7%) were females and 250 (69.35) males. There were 128 (35.5%) diabetic patients and 128 (36.7%) were in NYHA III/IV. Univariate analysis perioperatory of 19 factors followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis of the significant variables (p < 0.005) were done. Results: Major complication occurred in 178 (49.3%) and were independent predictors of operative morbidity: Diabetes mellitus, NYHA functional classification, urgent cases and DP2. There were 33 (9.1 %) in hospital deaths, and diabetes mellitus, NYHA functional classification, unstable preoperative angina and cerebral vascular accident, renal failure, infection and insufficiency respiratory failure were independent predictors of operative mortality. Conclusion: The coronary artery bypass grafting is possible in elderly patients with a favorable outcome, especially when done in patients with normal to moderately depressed left ventricular function.

Os autores apresentam caso de revascularização do miocárdio, complicado por acotovelamento da artéria torácica interna esquerda, tratado com sucesso.

The authors relate a successful surgical treatment of myocardial revascularization complicated by a thoracic intern artery graft kinking.

No InCór, no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1978 e dezembro de 1990, foram realizadas 3659 necropsias, das quais 106 relativas a pacientes com idade > 80 anos. Destes, 55 (51,88%) eram do sexo masculino e 51 (48,11%) do feminino. A média de idade foi igual a 83,66 (80 a 93 anos). Dentre os principais sintomas (Gráfico 3) apresentados figuravam: a angima do peito em 40,56%, a dispnéia em 25,47% e a síncope em 8,49 deles. Em 47,16% dos pacientes os sintomas haviam se iniciado a mais de seis meses. Dentre os sistemas desencadeantes dos óbitos (Gráfico 1), encontramos o cardiovascular em 74,52%, o respiratório em 10,37%, o digestivo em 9,43%, o nervoso em 1,88%, o urinário em 1,88% e outros em 1,88%. Entre os óbitos cardiovasculares (Gráfico 2), 56,96% foram devidos a coronariopatia, 12,65% a miocardiopatia, 10,12% devido aos aneurismas da aorta e 8,86% atribuídos às arritmias. Baseados na casuística prévia e considerando: 1) que o sistema cardiovascular foi o maior determinante dos óbitos (74,52%); 2) que as coronariopatias foram responsáveis por 56,96% dos óbitos cardiovasculares; 3) que a revascularização convencional neste grupo tem mortalidade atual de 8,5%; 4) que a angioplastia primária foi bem sucedida em 93,2%, concluímos que ambas, a qualidade e a expectativa de vida, podem ser melhoradas trazendo o octogenário para próximo do médico, ou reduzindo o intervalo entre suas avaliações.

Between January 1978 and December 1990, 3659 autopsies were performed in our Institution, of which 106 of the patients were > 80 years old. Of these patients, 55 (51.88%) were male and 51 (48.11%) female, and the mean age was 83.66 (80 to 93) years old. The main symptoms presented prior to death were: angina in 40.56%, dyspnea in 25.47%%, and syncope in 8.49% of the patients. In 47.16% the symptoms had begun more than six months before. The systems related to the cause of death were found to be: cardiovascular in 74.52%, respiratory in 10.37%, digestive in 9.43%, nervous in 1.88%, urinary in 1.88% and others in 1.88%. Among the cardiovascular deaths: 56.96% were due to coronary artery disease, 12.65% due to myocardiopathy, 10.12% due to thoracic aortic aneurysm and 8.86% were atributed to arrythmias. It was considered that: the cardiovascular system was the major determinant of death in 74.52%, coronary disease was responsible for 56.96% of the cardiovascular deaths, standard revascularization in this group has a mortality rate of 8.5% and that primary angioplasty has had a success rate of 93.2%. It was therefore concluded that the patients of at least 80 years old should be maintained near their physician or the time between their medical check-up be reduced in order to significantly improve their quality and expectancy of life.